This article explores common clinical cases encountered in optometric practice, focusing on how to differentiate between conditions with similar presentations and determine appropriate referral pathways and urgency. It begins with optic disc abnormalities, comparing papilloedema with optic disc drusen, before covering acute optic neuropathies, including optic neuritis and NAION. It then examines macular conditions, comparing PED with CSR and macular dystrophy with AMD, before concluding with the differentiation of glaucomatous and non-glaucomatous optic discs. Throughout, the article highlights key clinical signs, patient symptoms and imaging findings that can support clinical decision-making, help identify potentially serious conditions and guide appropriate referral.

Organise a discussion with a peer for an interactive CPD point.